4D Printing for Vascular Tissue Engineering: Progress and Challenges

نویسندگان

چکیده

The hierarchical network of blood vessels comprises the larger (veins and arteries), smaller ones (venules arterioles), thinnest capillaries. proper functioning most tissues in body relies on vascularization, which is meant for diffusion gases, nutrients, harmful waste. However, it known that cell survival compromised as oxygen limited beyond 100–200 µm damage can occur at any level complex system vascular network, case cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, neurovascular diseases recur progress with age. These may prove fatal, hence need tissue engineering (VTE) arises. VTE mainly focuses fabrication constructs using natural, synthetic material, or a combination both various techniques. construct expected to integrate anastomose host vasculature. 4D bioprinting an emerging field allows hollow tubes employing different materials respond stimuli. This review comprehensive summary major techniques employed recent technique foreseen revolutionize field.

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ژورنال

عنوان ژورنال: Advanced materials and technologies

سال: 2023

ISSN: ['2365-709X']

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202300200